In the distressing scenario where a dog experiences cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA), knowing how to perform CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) can be the difference between life and death.
This article looks at the essential guidelines and techniques for CPR on dogs, as advised by veterinary experts and recognized institutions.
What is CPR for Dogs?
CPR for dogs involves chest compressions and artificial respiration, restoring spontaneous circulation and breathing when a dog's heart and lungs fail to function.
The goal is to maintain oxygenation to the brain and other vital organs until professional veterinary help can be obtained. CPA in dogs can result from several causes, including trauma, anesthesia complications, or underlying health conditions.
The RECOVER Initiative
In 2012, the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) and the Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society (VECCS) launched the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER), which has standardized CPR protocols for small animals.
The initiative provides guidelines to increase the success rates of resuscitation attempts in dogs and cats. These guidelines cover chest compression rates, ventilation techniques, and post-resuscitation care.
Key Recommendations from RECOVER:
Chest Compressions: With the dog lying on its side, compress the chest at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. The depth should be about one-third to one-half of the chest width.
Ventilation: If performing alone, maintain a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for mouth-to-snout ventilation. When intubated, provide ten breaths per minute.
Cycles: Perform CPR in 2-minute cycles, with a change of the person doing compressions to avoid fatigue.
Practical Steps for Dog CPR
Assess the Situation:
Ensure your safety first. An unresponsive dog might still react instinctively.
Check for responsiveness and breathing. If the dog isn't breathing and is unresponsive, proceed to CPR.
2. Positioning:
For most breeds, the dog should be placed on its right side. However, for barrel-chested dogs like bulldogs, laying them on their back might be more effective.
3. Chest Compressions:
For small dogs, use one hand to compress the chest or wrap it around with fingers underneath. For larger dogs, interlock your hands and press over the broadest part of the ribcage. Compress at 100-120 times per minute.
4. Artificial Respiration:
Close the dog's mouth, extend the neck to open the airway, and breathe into the nose until you see the chest rise. Two breaths are usually recommended after every 30 compressions.
5. Monitoring and Transport:
Continue CPR until you reach a veterinary hospital or until the dog shows signs of breathing or a heartbeat. If possible, have someone drive while you perform CPR.
Special Considerations
Size and Breed: The approach may vary depending on the dog's size and chest shape. Deep-chested dogs might require different hand placements.
Limitations and Risks: CPR can cause injuries like broken ribs, so it's only to be performed when necessary and never on a healthy dog. Even in clinical settings, the success rate is low, emphasizing the urgency of professional veterinary intervention.
Training and Preparedness
Veterinary professionals and pet owners alike are encouraged to undergo formal training. The American Red Cross ad other organizations offer pet CPR courses, which can be invaluable in preparing for emergencies.
Online and in-person classes ensure that you're theoretically knowledgeable and practically adept.
Performing CPR on a dog is a serious procedure that requires knowledge, skill, and composure. While the guidelines from RECOVER and other veterinary bodies provide a framework, the real-life application depends significantly on training and the immediate availability of veterinary care.
Remember, even with CPR, the best outcome involves quick transport to a vet capable of providing advanced life support.
By understanding these techniques, dog owners can potentially save lives. However, they should always aim to be the bridge to professional care rather than the solution.
Keep your dog's health at the forefront and ensure you're always prepared for emergencies.
Robin Logan, RSHom