Sometimes understanding our dog’s behaviour and needs can feel like trying to understand a different language. Dogs can communicate a lot through their body language. Over time we become more and more familiar with what our dog is trying to tell us, but here is a guide to some of the subtle, and not so subtle things we should be aware of.
Tail Talk
A dog’s tail is one of the most expressive parts of its body. A wagging tail doesn’t always mean a dog is happy, which is a commonly held belief. Generally speaking fast wagging of the tail means excitement rather than happiness but the speed, direction and height of a tail wag can signify a range of emotions.
High, stiff tail: This is a sign of alertness and often of assertiveness. This is most seen when a dog is assessing its surroundings, It may be feeling either defensive or confident.
Relaxed wag at mid-level: This is usually a sign of a friendly, happy dog that is content and calm with what is going on around him.
Low, fast wag: When the tail is low and wagging rapidly, it is likely that the dog is nervous, shy or slightly fearful. It is a submissive sign.
Tucked tail: When the tail is tucked between the dog’s legs, it shows fear, submission, or anxiety. The dog feels threatened and will either need reassurance or space.
Eyes and Ears
Just like with humans, a dogs' eyes and ears tell us a lot about how they are feeling.
Wide eyes showing a lot of the whites: This can indicate fear or stress. The dog is likely feeling overwhelmed or uncomfortable in the current situation.
Direct, hard stare: An intense stare is very dominant behaviour and can signal aggression or a feeling of threat. It’s best to give a dog space if they seem to be staring you down. Sometimes staring back can actually make them become .more submissive and change their mood.
Soft eyes with a relaxed gaze: This is pretty self explanatory. When your dog looks at you with soft eyes, it is a sign of affection and trust. It means the dog feels safe and at ease.
Ear positions
Dogs’ ear movements vary by breed, but generally:
Ears forward: indicates curiosity, alertness, or a form of excitement.
Ears pulled back slightly: this often show friendliness and the dog is n a more submissive than dominant state.
Ears flat to the head: usually signals fear, submission, or anxiety.
The Mouth and Facial Expressions
Relaxed mouth and slight open panting: This is usually a sign of a calm, relaxed dog. You’ll often see this expression after play or when the dog is resting.
Yawning or licking lips: Dogs may yawn or lick their lips when they’re anxious, stressed, or in an uncomfortable situation. It’s a calming signal, and they might be trying to soothe themselves.
Bared teeth or growling: Obviously, this is a warning sign. Respect this signal and give them space!
Submissive grin: Some dogs will pull back their lips in a “grin,”. If the rest of their body language is relaxed, this is actually a friendly gesture.
Body Posture and Movement
How a dog holds and moves its body also indicate its mood and intentions.
Loose, relaxed posture: A relaxed, comfortable dog will have loose muscles and fluid movements. They might stretch, flop over, or roll onto their back as a sign of trust and contentment.
Stiff or tense body: Tension in a dog’s body, often accompanied by an upright posture, is usually a sign that the dog is on high alert or uncomfortable. A tense dog is assessing its surroundings and could potentially feel threatened.
Leaning forward: When a dog leans forward, it may be attempting to appear larger and more intimidating. This behaviour often happens when a dog feels the need to defend itself.
Belly up and paws curled: Exposing the belly and curling the paws is a submissive position. Some dogs like to sleep in this position when they are feeling very relaxed and safe. Some enjoy belly rubs in this position.
Vocalizations and Sounds
Dogs use various sounds to express their needs and emotions
Barking: The tone and pitch of a bark can tell you a lot. High-pitched, rapid barks are often a sign of excitement, while low, single barks may indicate caution or alarm. Dog owners tend to get to know their own dog's vocal sounds and their significance.
Whining: Whining is often a request for assistance of some sort. The dog may want attention, or need something (like food, water, or to go outside. It can also be a sign of anxiety.
Growling: While growling may seem aggressive, it’s actually a way for dogs to express discomfort or fear. It’s their way of setting a boundary and also of expressing dominance.
Howling: Some breeds are naturally inclined to howl, but howling can also indicate loneliness, a call for attention. Dogs often howl in response to certain sounds like sirens or music.
Every dog is unique, so in the case of your own pet, spending time observing their natural body language and reactions in different situations will help you to learn what’s normal for them.
Positive reinforcement and rewards during relaxed, friendly behaviour will strengthen positive emotions. It is good to help your dog understand that they’re safe and loved. Dogs are very sensitive to our emotions.
They are often assessing our own facial expressions and body language, so maintaining a calm, steady presence can help them develop a similar state.
Robin Logan, RSHom